一、引言
省略句作为高中语法学习中的一种特殊句式,也是需要学生取掌握以及学习的,本提纲只涉及对状语从句的省略进行讨论。
二、省略的条件
①从句与主句主语一致,或者从句的主语是it ⌈思考⌋为什么从句与主句主语保持一致?(答案见第五部分)
②仅适用于时间(when,while,as),地点(where),让步(although,though,even if,even though),方式(as,as if),条件(if,unless,once)状语从句
③从句中的谓语动词中含有be动词
三、题型总结
a.)完成句子
Step1.判断是否满足省略条件
Step2.删除从句主语与be动词,若主语用代词代指前面从句的主语,则需将主句的代词改成从句的主语。
b.)单句语法填空
单据语法填空会考两个方向:①非谓语动词 ②状从连接词
其中非谓语动词就按照非谓语动词的题型做就好,状从连接词一般考固定搭配
四、实例—完成句子
1)时间状语从句(while,when,as)
◇While you are cycling, don’t forget the traffic lights.(改成省略句)
⌈解析⌋Step1:是否可以省略?
像这种题会直接告诉你要改写成省略句,一般不用判断。本步骤只说明为什么可以。
①从句与主句的主语一致。主句为do型祈使句,相当于省略了一个you,和从句主语you一致。
②从句是由while引导的时间状从
③从句含有be动词“are”
Step2:删除从句的主语与be动词 →While cycling, don’t forget the traffic lights.
◇When the museum is completed , the museum will be open to the public next year . (改成省略句)
⌈解析⌋Step1:是否可以省略?①从句与主句的主语一致。②从句是由when引导的时间状从 ③从句含有be动词“is”
Step2:删除从句的主语与be动词 →When completed , the museum will be open to the public next year .
2)地点状语从句
◇The kind of tree will grow well where it is wet. (改成省略句)
⌈解析⌋ Step1:是否可以省略?
①从句主语是it。此处it泛指任何地方,不是指前句主语tree ②从句是由where引导的地点状从 ③从句含有be动词
Step2:删除从句的主语与be动词 →The kind of tree will grow well where wet.
3)条件状语从句(if, unless, once)
◇If these projects are successful, they have amazingly positive potential. (改成省略句)
⌈解析⌋ Step1:是否可以省略?①从句与主句的主语一致。②从句是由if引导的条件状从 ③从句含有be动词“are”
Step2:删除从句的主语与be动词 →If successful, these projects have amazingly positive potential.
◇Once the museum is opened, it will be very popular with the citizens. (改成省略句)
⌈解析⌋Step1:是否可以省略?①从句与主句的主语一致。②从句是由once引导的条件状从 ③从句含有be动词“is”
Step2:删除从句的主语与be动词 →Once opened, it will be very popular with the citizens.
◇Unless you are here, you can't find this kind of butterfly. (改成省略句)
⌈解析⌋ Step1:是否可以省略?①从句与主句的主语一致。②从句是由unless引导的条件状从 ③从句含有be动词“are”
Step2:删除从句的主语与be动词 →Unless here, you can't find this kind of butterfly.
4)让步状语从句(although,though,even if,even though)
◇Although Tom was the youngest in the group, he won all the prize. (改成省略句)
⌈解析⌋ Step1:是否可以省略?①从句与主句的主语一致。②从句是由although引导的让步状从 ③从句含有be动词
Step2:删除从句的主语与be动词 →Although the youngest in the group, Tom won all the prize.
5)方式状语从句(as,as if)
◇The workers who shouldn’t be responsible for the accident just carried out the order as they were told.(改成省略句)
⌈解析⌋ Step1:是否可以省略?①从句与主句的主语一致。②从句是由as引导的方式状从 ③从句含有be动词
Step2:删除从句的主语与be动词 →Although the youngest in the group, Tom won all the prize.
◇He looked anxious as if he was in trouble.(改成省略句)
⌈解析⌋ Step1:是否可以省略?①从句与主句的主语一致。②从句是由as if引导的方式状从 ③从句含有be动词
Step2:删除从句的主语与be动词 →He looked anxious as if in trouble.
6)常见的固定搭配
If necessary 如果必要的话 →If necessary , you can contact me at home. 必要的话,我在家时你也可以和我联系
If so 如果那样的话 →If so, we would like to meet you!如果是这样的话,我们很想见到你!If not 如果不的话
If ever 如果有过的话 →We see them very seldom, if ever.我们难得见到他们。
If possible 如果可能的话 →If possible, you want to avoid alcohol.你应尽可能避免饮酒。
If anything 要说真有什么的话 →If anything, the information is overwhelming. 要说真有什么的话,那就是信息太多了。
Where necessary 有必要的地方 →Fill the form where necessary.在需要填的地方填表。
Where possible 任何可能的地方 →Where possible, shop locally.如果有可能,在当地购物。
7)少见的特殊用法,一般不满足省略条件(只作了解)
a.) 在than,as引导的比较状语从句中。
◇She works better than I (works). 她工作做得比我好。
◇I'd rather play football than (I'd rather) go swimming. 与其去游泳我还不如去踢足球。
◇Run as fast as you can (run). 你能跑多快就跑多快。
b.)在“the+比较级,the+比较级”的句型中。
◇The greater the force of action (is),the greater the force of reaction (is).作用力越大,反作用力也越大。
c.) 在whatever,however引导的让步状语从句中,可以省略系动词。
◇He was determined to carry out the plan,whatever the cost (was).他决心执行计划,不管代价如何。
◇However difficult the task (may be),we must finish it on time.不管这任务有多难,我们都必须按时完成。
d.) 在“no matter+疑问词”引导的让步状语从句中,可以省略系动词be和重复的主语。
◇Anyone,no matter who (he is),may point out my shortcoming.不管是什么人,谁向我指出缺点都行。
◇Anyone who commits a crime must be punished no matter what his position (is).任何犯罪的人都必受到惩罚不管他地位多高。
五、思考与探究—为什么改写需要满足主语一致原则
请观察如下句子:
(2016· 天津 )Visiting the art exhibition, we discussed the great artists ’ works.
参观艺术展时,我们讨论了伟大的艺术家们的作品。
你会发现,visiting the art exhibition 这里是现在分词作时间状语的情况,如果写成状语从句则有:
While we are visiting the art exhibition, we discussed the great artists ’ works.
这时你又会发现,这个句子是不是也可以改写成省略句呢?即
While visiting the art exhibition, we discussed the great artists ’ works.
至于从句主语为什么是we,那是因为分词作状语的时候,逻辑主语与实际主语保持一致。
而省略句的结构你就可以理解为在非谓语动词的结构上加上了这个状语本身具有的连接词使得强调这个逻辑,比如说上面的这句话由“Visiting the art exhibition ” 到“While visiting the art exhibition”就是对时间上的强调而已。但是值得注意的是,这个结构也是由局限性的,因为省略句的结构还涉及到不定式和形容词等,还有特殊结构,本初只是作思考部分讨论,了解即可。
六、活学活用—单句语法填空
1.If ________ (ask) to look after luggage for someone else, inform the police at once.
2. When_______(complete), the museum will be open to the public next month.
3. We can learn from the educational program how to make positive choices when _________ (face) with personal conflicts.
4. Many left-behind children, when ______ (receive)formal education, will probably show their talent in many aspects.
5. Some of you may have finished unit one. _____ so, you can go on to unit two.
6. Children, when_________ (accompany)by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium.
7. When________ (see) from a distance, to tell the truth, the scenery appears more breathtaking.
8. When ________ (ask)to compare the education system of China and Britain, the professor gave no answer.
9. When ________ (make)to feel unworthy, children often work extra hard to please their parents.
10. They face a lot of challenges when________(try)to get food .
11.Although___________(face) with all kinds of difficulties, he never wanted to give up.
12.Though ________(defeat), he still felt happy.
13.Though not ________(know) to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage.
14.This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when ________(move) objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.
15.Anyone, once _____ (test) positive for Ebola, the deadly disease, will receive free medical treatment from the government.
16.Don’t enter the office unless _____ (tell) to.
答案详解:
1.asked
【详解】考查省略。句意:如果被要求给别人照看行李,立刻通知警方。根据句意可知,if引导的条件状语从句意为“如果你被要求给别人照看行李”,是if you are asked to look after luggage for someone else,当if引导的从句主语和主句的主语一致,且从句中有be动词时,从句主语和be动词可以省略,因此空格处是asked。
2. completed
【详解】考查状语从句的省略。句意:博物馆建成后将于下月对公众开放。分析句子可知,本句使用了when引导的时间状语从句,当从句主语和主句主语相同,且含有be动词时,从句主语连同be动词可以一起被省略,这里省略了主语the museum和be动词is,原句为:When the museum is completed。
3. faced
【详解】考查时态,固定短语和省略。句意:我们可以从教育节目中学习如何在面对个人冲突时做出积极的选择。be faced with是固定短语,意为“面对”,根据语境可知,when引导的时间状语从句是when we are faced wth personal conflicts,时间状语从句中主语和主句主语一致,且从句中有be动词时可省略从句中的主语和be动词。
4. receiving
【详解】考查省略句。句意:许多留守儿童在接受正规教育后,可能会在许多方面展现出他们的才能。在when引导的状语从句中,当从句主语和主句主语一致且从句含有be的某种形式时,可省略从句的主语和be,逻辑主语children和动词receive是主动关系,因此使用现在分词做状语。故选D。
5.If
【详解】考查状语从句的省略。句意:如果这样的话,你可以继续读第二单元。If so 意为“如果这样的话”,故填If
6. accompanied
【详解】考查省略句。句意:孩子们在父母的陪同下可以进入体育场。 本题考查状语从句省略,原句为Children, when they are accompanied by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium. 省略了 they are。
7. seen
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:说实话,从远处看,景色显得更美。在when引导的状语从句中,当从句主语和主句主语一致且从句含有be的某种形式时,可省略从句的主语和be,the scenery与see是被动关系,用被动语态,相当于:When the scenery is seen...,省略the scenery is。
8. asked
【详解】考查时间状语从句的省略。句意:当被问及比较中国和英国的教育制度时,教授没有回答。分析句子可知,本句符合时间状语从句的省略情况,即主句主语与从句主语一致,均为the professor,且从句谓语动词含有be动词的时候,从句的主语和be动词可省略,所以此处其实完整从句为When (the professor was) asked to compare the education system of China and Britain,所以填asked,表示“被问到”。
9. made
【详解】考查状语从句的省略和过去分词。句意:当孩子们感到不值得时,他们往往会格外努力以取悦父母。在when引导的时间状语从句中,从句主语和主句相同,所以可省略从句中的主语和系动词。动词make意为“使,让”,和主语构成被动关系,所以此处应用过去分词形式。
10. trying
【详解】考查省略句。句意:他们在获取食物时面临着很多挑战。此处是状语从句的省略,因主语they和前面的主语一致,故省略they和be动词。故填trying。
11. faced
【详解】考查状语从句的省略。句意:尽管面临种种困难,他从未想过放弃。当时间、条件、让步状语从句的主语与主句主语一致,且有be动词时,可以省略从句的主语及be动词;本句还原后为Although he was faced with all kinds of difficulties,省略了he was 。故填faced。
12. defeated
【详解】考查状语从句省略。句意:尽管失败了,他仍然感到高兴。分析句子可知,这里考查状语从句的省略,从句中的主语和主句中的主语一致,并且含有be动词时,可把从句中的主语和be动词同时省略,只需考虑所给动词和主语的逻辑关系,而本句中defeat与he是被动关系,用过去分词。故填defeated。
13. known
【详解】考查状语从句中的省略。句意:虽然在野外还不知道它们会使用工具,但在笼子里的时候,这些鸟已经证明了它们熟练地使用工具。分析可知,此处为状语从句中的省略,在状语从句中从句的主语和主句的主语相同且有be动词时,需要省略主语和be动词,即完整形式为Though not the birds are known to use tools in the wild。故填known。
14.moving
【详解】考查状语从句的省略用法。句意:这表明,当高芬凤头鹦鹉在空间中移动物体时,确实拥有一种异心参照系,类似于两岁的婴儿。分析句子可知,此处为when引导的时间状语从句,当从句主语和主句主语一致时,可省略从句中主语和Be动词,该句为省略从句主语Goffin’s cockatoos和be动词are。故填moving。
15.tested
【详解】考查状语从句省略。句意:任何人一旦对埃博拉这种致命疾病检测呈阳性,都将接受政府的免费医疗。分析句子可知,这里考查状语从句省略,补充完整从句为once he is tested positive for Ebola,当状语从句的主语与主句主语一致,且有be动词时,可以省略从句主语和be动词。故填tested。
16. told
【详解】考查状语从句的省略。句意:除非被告知,否则不要进入办公室。分析句子可知,这里考查状语从句的省略,补充完整从句为unless you are told to,当条件状语从句的主语与主句主语一致,且有be动词时,可以省略从句的主语和be动词。故填told。